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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク History of psychosurgery ： ウィキペディア英語版 History of psychosurgery Psychosurgery, also called neurosurgery for mental disorder or functional neurosurgery, is surgery in which brain tissue is destroyed with the aim of alleviating the symptoms of mental disorder. It was first used in modern times by Gottlieb Burckhardt in 1891, but only in a few isolated instances, not becoming more widely used until the 1930s following the work of Portuguese neurologist António Egas Moniz. The 1940s was the decade when psychosurgery was most popular, largely due to the efforts of American neurologist Walter Freeman; its use has been declining since then. Freeman’s particular form of psychosurgery, the lobotomy, was last used in the 1970s, but other forms of psychosurgery, such as the cingulotomy and capsulotomy have survived. ==Early history== Trepanning, the practice of drilling holes in the skull, was performed from prehistoric times to the early Middle Ages and then again during the Renaissance. There is speculation that some of these operations were carried out on people who had mental disorders or epilepsy. Trepanation was depicted in prints, woodblocks, and paintings, including the allegorical painting by Hieronymus Bosch, ''The Extraction of the Stone of Madness'', which depicts the extraction of a "brain stone".〔 In 1891 Gottlieb Burckhardt, the superintendent of a psychiatric hospital in Switzerland, published the results of an operation on the brains of six patients. The operation was a topectomy, in which parts of the frontal, parietal and temporal cortex were excised. Other psychiatrists were not enthusiastic about his work and he abandoned his operations.〔GA Mashour, EE Walker and RL Martuza 2005 Psychosurgery: past, present, and future. ''Brain Research Reviews'' 48: 409-19〕 The Estonian neurosurgeon Ludvig Puusepp also operated on psychiatric patients in St Petersburg in 1910.〔VW Swayze 1995 Frontal leukotomy and related psychosurgical procedures in the era before antipsychotics (1935-1954): a historical overview. ''American Journal of Psychiatry'' 152(4): 505-15〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of psychosurgery」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.